TRANSCRIPTION, Courtesy of MindNet Archives, Mike Coyle
posted at http://www.ritualabuse.net/MCF/

Frey, Allan H., Human Auditory system response to modulated
electromagnetic energy. J. Appl. Physiol. 17(4): 689-692.  1962.

(*) Asterisks indicate unreadable characters in the original copy.

NOTE:  In 1962, frequencies were expressed as kiloCYCLES, 
megaCYCLES, etc., with abbreviations being kc, mc

--The intent of this paper is to bring a new phenomena to the
attention of physiologists.  Using extremely low average power
densities of electromagnetic energy, the perception of sounds was
induced in normal and deaf humans.  The effect was induced several
hundred feet from the antenna the instant the transmitter was turned
on, and is a function of carrier frequency and modulation. Attempts
were made to match the sounds induced by electromagnetic energy and
acoustic energy.  

The closest match occurred when the acoustic amplifier was driven by
the rf transmitter's modulator. Peak power density is a critical
factor and, with acoustic noise of approximately 80 db, a peak power
density of approximately 275 mw / rf is needed to induce the
perception at carrier frequencies 125 mc and 1,310 mc.  The average
power density can be at rf as low as 400 _u_w/cm2.  The evidence for
the various positive sites of the electromagnetic energy sensor are
discussed and locations peripheral to the cochlea are ruled out.

Received for publication 29 September 1961.

A significant amount of research has been conducted with the effects
of radio-frequency (rf) energy on organisms (electro- magnetic energy
between 1 kc and ** Gc). Typically, this work has been concerned with
determining damage resulting from body temperature increase.  The
average power densities used have been on the order of 0.1-t w/cm2
used over many minutes to several hours.

In contrast, using average power densities measured in microwatts per
square centimeter, we have found that ****r effects which are
transient, can be induced with rf energy.  Further, these effects
occur the instant the transmitter is turned on.  With appropriate
modulation, the perception of different sounds can be induced in
physically deaf, as well as normal, in human subjects at a distance
of inches up to thousands of feet from the transmitter.  With
somewhat different transmission parameters, you can induce the
perception of severe buffeting of the head, without such apparent
vestibular symptoms as dizziness or nausea.  Changing transmitter
parameters down, one can induce a "pins-and-needles" sensation.

Experimental work with these phenomena may yield information on
auditory system functioning and, more generally, in the nervous
system function.  For example, this energy could possibly be used as
a tool to explore nervous system coding, possibly using Neider and
Neff's procedures (1), and for stimulating the nervous system without
the damage caused by electrodes.

Since most of our data have been obtained of the "rf sound" and only
the visual system has previously been shown to respond to
electromagnetic energy, this paper will be concerned only with the
auditory effects data.  As a further restriction, only data from
human subjects will be reported, since only this data can be
discussed meaningfully at the present time.  The long series of
studies we performed to ascertain that we were dealing with a
biological significant phenomena (rather than broadcasts from sources
such as loose fillings in the teeth) are summarized in another paper
(2), which also reports on the measuring instruments used in this
work.

The intent of this paper is to bring this new phenomenon to the
attention of physiologists.  The data reported are intended to
suggest numerous lines of experimentation and indicate necessary
experimental controls.

Since we are dealing with a significant phenomenon, we decided to
explore the effects of a wide range of transmitter parameters to
build up the body of knowledge which would allow us to generate
hypotheses and determine what experimental controls would be
necessary.  Thus, the numbers given are conservative; they should not
be considered precise, since the transmitters were never located in
ideal laboratory environments.  Within the limits of our
measurements, the orientation of the subject in the rf field was of
little consequence.

Most of the transmitters used to date in the experimentation have
been pulse modulated with no information placed on the signal.  The
rf sound has been described as being a buzz, clicking, hiss, or
knocking, depending on several transmitter parameters, i.e., pulse
width and pulse-repetition rate (PRF).  The apparent source of these
sounds is localized by the subjects as being within, or immediately
behind the head.  The sound always seems to come from within or
immediately behind the head no matter how the subjects twists or
rotates in the rf field.

Our early experimentation, preformed using transmitters with very
short square pulses and high pulse-repetition rates, seemed to
indicate that we were dealing with harmonics of the PRF.  However,
our later work has indicated that this is not the case; rather, the
rf sound appears to be incidental modulation envelope on each pulse,
as shown in Fig 1.

Some difficulty was experienced when the subjects tried to match the
rf sound to ordinary audio.  They reported that it was not possible
to satisfactorily match the rf sound to a sine wave or to white
noise.  An audio amplifier was connected to a variable bypass filter
and pulsed by the transmitter pulsing mechanism.  The subjects, when
allowed to control the filter, reported a fairly satisfactory match.
The subjects were fairly well satisfied with all frequencies below
5-kc audio were eliminated and the high- frequency audio was extended
as much as possible.  There was, however, always a demand for more
high-frequency components.  Since our tweeter has a rather good
high-frequency response, it is possible that we have shown an
analogue of visual phenomenon in which people see farther into the
ultraviolet range when the lenses is eliminated from the eye.  In
other words, this may be a demonstration that the mechanical
transmission system of the ossicles cannot respond to as high a
frequency as the rest of the auditory system.  Since the rf bypasses
the ossicle system and the audio given the subject for matching does
not, this may explain the dissatisfaction of our subjects in the
matching.

FIG. 1. Oscilloscope representation of transmitter output over             
        time (pulse-modulated).                                            
                                                                           
                 TRANSMITTER ELECTRONIC NOISE                              
                       |--(INCIDENTAL MODULATION)                          
                       |                                                   
                      \/                                                   
                   :.:.:.:             :.:.:.:                             
                   |     |             |     |                             
                   |     |             |     |                             
                   |     |             |     |                             
                 ---     ---------------     -----------                   
                  ON     OFF          ON     OFF                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
FIG. 2. Audiogram of deaf subject (otosclerosis) who had a "normal"        
        rf sound threshold.                                                
                                                                           
          -10|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
            0|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| A = RIGHT BONE       
             |    |    A    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
             |----|----B----A--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| B = LEFT BONE        
             |    |    |  B |  A  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
  LOSS(db) 20|----|----|----B--B--AB-B--B--B--AB-|--| C = LEFT AIR         
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  A  |  |  |  |                      
             |----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| D = RIGHT AIR        
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  C                      
           40|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--C--|                      
             |    |    C C  C  |  |  |  |  |  C  |  |                      
             |----C----|----D--|--C--C--C--|--D--D--D                      
             |    |    D    |  D  |  |  D  |  |  |  |                      
           60|----D----|----|--|--D--|--|--|--|--|--|                      
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
             |----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
           80|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
             |----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      
             |    |    |    |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |                      
          100|----|----|----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|                      
                 125  250  500   1000  2000  4000  8000                    
                        FREQUENCY (cps)                                    
                                                                           
                                                                           
TABLE 1. Transmitter parameters                                            
                                                                           
Trans-   Frequency,    Wave-     Pulse Width,  Pulses Sec.   Duty Cy.      
mitter      mc       length, cm    _u_sec                                  
                                                                           
  A       1,310        22.9           6           244         .0015        
  B       2,982        10.4           1           400         .0004        
  C         425        70.6         125            27         .0038        
  D         425        70.6         250            27         .007         
  E         425        70.6         500            27         .014         
  F         425        70.6        1000            27         .028         
  G         425        70.6        2000            27         .056         
  H       8,900         3.4           2.5         400         .001         
                                                                           
                                                                           
FIG. 3. Attenuation of ambient sound with Flent antinoise stopples         
        (collated from Zwislocki (3) and Von Gierke (4).                   
                                                                           
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| A = FLENTS           
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      
           10|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||| B = THEORETICAL LIMIT
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||     OF ATTENUATION BY
FUNCTION(db) |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||     EAR PROTECTORS   
             A    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      
             |----A---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      
             B    |   A  A  A | A AAA   A|   |  | |||                      
             |----B---B--|--|-A-|-|||----A---|--|-|||                      
             |    |   |  |  B | | |||    | A |  | |||                      
           30|----|---|--|--|-|-|-B||----|---A--|-A||                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  A |A|                      
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||B---|---|--|-||A                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||  B |   |  | |||                      
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-||B                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    B   |  | B||                      
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|-B|-|||                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    | B |  | |||                      
           50|----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      
             |    |   |  |  | | | |||    |   |  | |||                      
             |----|---|--|--|-|-|-|||----|---|--|-|||                      
            100                    1000           10000                    
                        FREQUENCY                                          
                                                                           
                                                                           
TABLE 2. Theshold for perception of rf sound (ambient noise level 70-      
         90 db).                                                           
                                                              Peak         
                                 Avg        Peak     Peak    Magnetic      
                                Power      Power   Electric   Field        
Trans-   Frequency,  Duty Cy.  Density,   Density   Field      amp.        
mitter      mc                 mw, cm2    mw, cm2   v cm     turns, m      
                                                                           
  A       1,310      .0015      0.4         267      14         4          
  B       2,982      .0004      2.1       5,250      63        17          
  C         425      .0038      1.0         263      15         4          
  D         425      .007       1.9         271      14         4          
  E         425      .014       3.2         229      13         3          
  F         425      .028       7.1         254      14         4          
                                                                           
                                                                           
FIG. 4. Threshold energy as a function of frequency of electromagnetic     
        energy (ambient noise level 70-90 db).                             
                                                                           
        10000|---------|-------------|--------------|                      
             |---------|-------------|--------------|                      
  PEAK       |---------|-------------|--------------|                      
  POWER      |---------|-------------|-------------*|                      
  DENSITY    |---------|-------------|------------*-|                      
  (mw/cm2)   |         |             |          *   |                      
             |---------|-------------|---------*----|                      
             |         |             |       *      |                      
             |---------|-------------|------*-------|                      
             |         |             |    *         |                      
             |         |             |   *          |                      
             |         |             | *            |                      
         1000|---------|-------------*--------------|                      
             |---------|-----------*-|--------------|                      
             |---------|---------*---|--------------|                      
             |         |       *     |              |                      
             |---------|-----*-------|--------------|                      
             | * * * * * * *         |              |                      
             |---------|-------------|--------------|                      
             |         |             |              |                      
             |         |             |              |                      
             |         |             |              |                      
          100|---------|-------------|--------------|                      
            200       1000          2000           3000                    
                        FREQUENCY (mc)                                     
                                                                           
                                                                           
FIG. 5. Microwave power distribution in a forehead model neglecting        
        resonance effects and considering only first reflections           
        (from Nieset et al. (5), modified).                                
                                                                           
             |    REFLECTED                    ABSORBED                    
          1.5|--- FREQUENCIES                  FREQUENCIES                 
             |                   * *                                       
             |                  *    *         * = 10% OF INCIDENT         
 CENTIMETERS |Cortical         *                       POWER               
             |Tissue                    *                                  
             |                *                @ = 20% OF INCIDENT         
          1.0|---                         *            POWER               
             |                *                                            
             |                *              *                             
             |Bone                                                         
             |               *                 *                           
             |                                                             
          0.5|---           *      @  @   @       *                        
             |Muscle     *    @               @                            
             |Fat          @                     @    *                    
             |Skin       @                          @ @                    
            0|-----------|-----------|-----------|-----------|---          
             0          100        1000        10000       100000          
                        FREQUENCY (mc)                                     
                                                                           
                                                                           
FIG. 6. Area most sensitive to electromagnetic energy (shaded portion).    
                                                                           
                            *   *  * * * *                                 
                        *                    *                             
                      *                        *                           
                     * *       ::::::           *                          
                      *  *   :::::::::          *                          
                     *  O  *  ::::::::          *                          
                   *              * *           *                          
                     *               *          *                          
                     *               *         *                           
                      ***         **          *                            
                     *        *             *                              
                       *  * * *             *                              
                              *              *                             
                              *               *                            
                               * * * * * * * * *                           
                                                                           

At one time in our experimentation with deaf subjects there seemed to
be a clear relationship between the ability to hear audio above 5 kc
and the ability to hear rf sounds.  If a subject could hear above 5
kc, either by bone or air conduction, then he could hear the rf
sounds.  For example, the threshold of the subject whose audio gram
appears in Fig. 2 was the same average power density as our normal
subjects.  Recently, however, we have found people with a notch
around 5 kc who do not perceive the rf sounds generated by at least
one of our transmitters.

THRESHOLDS 

As shown in Table 1, we have used a fairly wide range of transmitter
parameters.  We are currently experimenting with transmitters that
radiate energy at frequencies below 425 mc, and are using different
types of modulation, e.g., pulse-repetition rates as low as 3 and
4/sec.

In the experimentation reported in this section, the ordinary noise
level was 70-90 db (measured with a General Radio Co. model 1551-B
sound level meter.)  In order to minimize the rf energy used in the
experimentation, subjects wore Flent antinoise ear stoppers whenever
measurements were made.  The ordinary noise attenuation of the Flents
is indicated in Fig. 3.  Although the rf sounds can be heard without
the use of Flents, eventhough they have an ambient noise evel of 90
db, it appears that the ambient noise to some extent "masked" the rf
sound.

Table 2 gives the thresholds for the perception of the sounds.  It
shows fairly clearly that the critical factor in the perception of
the rf sound is the peak power density, rather than the average power
density.  The relatively high value for transmitter B was expected
and will be discussed below.  Transmitter G has been omitted from the
table since the 20-mw/cm2 reading for it can be considered only
approximate.  The field-strength-measuring instruments used in that
experiment did not read high enough to give an accurate reading.  The
energy from transmitter H was not perceived, even when the peak power
density was as high as 25 w/cm2.

When the threshold energy is plotted as a function of the rf energy
(Fig. 4), a curve is obtained which is suggestive of the curve of
penetration of rf energy into the head.  Figure 5 shows the
calculated penetration, by frequency of rf energy, into the head. Our
data indicate that the calculated penetration curve may well be
accurate at the higher frequencies but the penetration at the lower
frequencies may be greater than that calculated on this model.

As previously noted, the thresholds were obtained in a high ambient
noise environment.  This is an unusual situation as compared to
obtaining thresholds of regular audio sound.  One recent
experimentation leads us to believe that, if the ambient noise level
were not so high, these threshold fields strengths would be much
lower. Since one purpose of this paper is to suggest experiments, it
might be appropriate to theories as to what the rf sound threshold
might be if we assumed that the subject is in an anechoic chamber.
It is also assumed that there is no transducer noise.

Given: As a threshold for the rf sound, a peak power density of 275
mw/cm2 determined in an ambient noise environment of 80 db. Earplugs
attenuate the ambient noise 30 db.

If: 1 mw/cm2 is set equal to o db, then 275 mw/cm2 is equal to 24 db.

Then: We can reduce the rf energy 50 db to -26 db as we reduce the
noise level energy from 50 db to o db.  We found that -26 db rf
energy is approximately 3 _u_w/cm2.

Thus:  If an anechoic room, rf sound could theoretically be induced
by a peak power density of 3 _u_w/cm2 measured in free space.  Since
only 10% of this energy is likely to penetrate the skull, the human
auditory system and a table radio may be one order of magnitude apart
in sensitivity to rf energy.

Up to Contents

RF DETECTOR IN AUDITORY SYSTEM 

One possibility that seems to have been ruled out in our
experimentation is that of a capacitor-type effect with the tympanic
membrane and oval window acting as plates of a capacitor. It would
seem possible that these membranes, acting as plates of a capacitor,
could be set in motion by rf energy.  There are, however, three
points of evidence against this possibility.  First, when one rotates
a capacitor in an rf field, a rather marked change occurs in the
capacitor as a function of its orientation in the field.  When our
subjects rotate or change the positions of their heads in the field,
the loudness of the rf sound does not change appreciably.  Second,
the distance between these membranes is rather small, compared with
the wavelengths used.  As a third point, we found that one of our
subjects who has otosclerosis heard the rf sound.

Another possible location for the detecting mechanism is in the
cochlea.  We have explored this possibility with nerve-deaf people,
but the results are inconclusive due to factors such as tinnitus. We
are currently exploring this possibility with animal preparations.

The third likely place for the detection mechanism is the brain. Burr
and Mauro (6) presented evidence that indicates that there is an
electrostatic field about neurons.  Morrow and Sepiel (7) presented
evidence that indicates the existence of a magnetic field about
neurons.  Becker (personal communication) has done some work
indicating that there is longitudinal flow of charged carriers in
neurons.  Thus, it is reasonable to suspect that possibly the
electromagnetic field could interact with neuron fields.  As yet,
evidence of this possibility is inconclusive.  The strongest point
against it is that we have not found visual effects although we have
searched for them.  On the other hand, we have obtained other
nonauditory effects and have found that the sensitive area for
detecting rf sounds is a region over the temporal lobe of the brain.
One can shield, with a 2-in.2 piece of fly screen, a portion of the
stippled area shown in Fig. 6 and completely cut off the rf sound.

Another possibility should also be considered.  There is no good
reason to assume that there is only one detector site.  On the
contrary, the work of Jones et al. (8), in which they placed
electrodes in the ear and electrically stimulated the subject, is
sufficiently relevant to suggest the possibility of more than one
detector site. Also, several sensations have been elicited with
properly modulated electromagnetic energy.  It is doubtful that all
of these can be attributed to one detector.

As mentioned earlier, the purpose of this paper is to focus the
attention of physiologists on an unusual area and stimulate
additional work on which interpretations can be based.
Interpretations have been deliberately omitted from this paper since
additional data are needed before a clear picture can emerge. It is
hoped that the additional exploration will also result in an increase
in our knowledge of nervous system functions.

REFERENCES:

Neider, P.C. and W.D. Neff. Science 133: 1010, 1961. 

Frey, A.H.  Aero Space Med. 32: 1140, 1961.

Zwislocki, J. Noise Control 4:42, 1958.

Von Gierke, H. Noise Control 2:37, 1956.

Nifset, R., Pinneo R. Baus J. Fleming, & R. McAfee.  Ann. Rept. USAF
Rome Air Development Command, TR-61-65, 1961. 

Burr, H., & J.  Seipel, J. Wash Acad. Sci. 21: 455, 1949.

Morrow, R., & J.  Seipel. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 30: 1, 1969.

Jones, R.C., S.S.  Stevens, & M.H. Laurie. J. Acoust. Sci. Am. 12:
281, 1940.

Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX PM3 - NASA ARTICLE

TITLE: Effects of low power microwaves on the local cerebral blood flow of
conscious rats

Original web link, folded for readability
http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ntrs/hget.cgi?recon?2044/3=/raid5/index/
     star/80%2517043725%202044%20N19810004209recon1

..........................................................
Eleanor White's inserted note:

See the ITALIC text below.  This abstract has implications
FAR beyond "rats"
..........................................................

Document ID:   19810004209  N (81N12720) File Series: NASA Technical Reports
Report Number: AD-A090426
Sales Agency & Price: CASI Hardcopy or Microfiche

Authors:
Oscar, K. J. (Army Mobility Equipment Command)

Published: Jun 01, 1980

Corporate Source:
Army Mobility Equipment Command (Fort Belvoir, VA, United States)
Pages: 10
Contract Number: None

NASA Subject Category: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)

Abstract:

A decoy and deception concept presently being considered is to
remotely create the perception of noise in the heads of personnel by
exposing them to low power, pulsed microwaves. When people are
illuminated with properly modulated low power microwaves the
sensation is reported as a buzzing, clicking, or hissing which seems
to originate (regardless of the person's position in the field)
within or just behind the head. The phenomena occurs at average power
densities as low as microwatts per square centimeter with carrier
frequencies from 0.4 to 3.0 GHz. By proper choice of pulse
characteristics, intelligible speech may be created. Before this
technique may be extended and used for military applications, an
understanding of the basic principles must be developed. Such an
understanding is not only required to optimize the use of the concept
for camouflage, decoy and deception operations but is required to
properly assess safety factors of such microwave exposure.

Major Subject Terms:

AUDITORY PERCEPTION 
BRAIN CIRCULATION
DECEPTION
MICROWAVES
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
RADIATION EFFECTS

Minor Subject Terms:

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
HEMODYNAMICS
MILITARY TECHNOLOGY
RADIATION DOSAGE
SOUND LOCALIZATION

Language Note: English

NASA Access Help Desk

E-mail:  help@sti.nasa.gov
Phone:   301-621-0390  
FAX: 301-621-0134

Eleanor White's comments:  I have received this report in it's
entirety and I find that the article itself is about the title:
Cerebral blood flow in rats.  We involuntary experimentees are 
extremely lucky that the authors mentioned the success of microwave 
voice to skull transmission in this official document.

Below I have extracted some of the references to the full document 
which appear to be more promising and specific.  This sub-list is
guesswork since the references omit article titles, but any articles
by Frey or Justesen are potentially useful.

1.  Frey, A.H., Messenger, R. and Eichert, E.,
    National Technical Information Service,
    Doc. No. AD747684 (1972)

5.  Justesen, D.R., IEEE Spectrum 16, 67-68 (1979)

7.  Frey, A.H., Feld, S.R., & Frey, B. Annals of
    N.Y. Academy of Science, 247, 433-439 (1975)

18. Frey, A.H., & Messenger, R., Science  181,
    356-358 (1973)

25. Frey, A.H., & Feld, S.R., Journal of Comp.
    Physiology and Psychology,  89, 183-188
    (1975)

27. King, N.W., Justesen, D.R., & Clarke, R.L.,
    Science  172, 398-401 (1977)

Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX PM4 - SEA/KOHN'S PROJECTS

Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect

Web address:
http://es.epa.gov/ncerqa_abstracts/sbir/other/monana/kohn.html
Awarding Agency:  Department of Defense
SBIR Contract Number: F41624-95-C-9007
Title: Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect
Principal Investigator: Mr. Brian Kohn

Company Name:
Science & Engineering Assoc, Inc.
6100 Uptown Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Telephone Number: 505-884-2300
Business Representative:
Project Period:
Project Amount: $739,995
Research Category: Monitoring/Analytical

Description:

An innovative and revolutionary technology is described that offers a
means of low-probability-of-intercept Radio frequency (RF)
communications.  The feasibility of the concept has been
established using both a low intensity laboratory system and a
high power RF transmitter.  Numerous military applications exist in
areas of search and rescue, security and special operations.

Supplemental Keywords: small business, SBIR,
See also: http://www.seabase.com
Last Updated:  November 17, 1997

BRIAN KOHN'S PROJECT, EARLIER STUDY:

Program: SBIR
Agency: AF  Field
Office: AL
TOPIC Number: AF93-026
Control Number: 93AL -185
Contract Number: F41624-93-C-9013
Phase: 1
Awarded In: 93
Award Amount: $37,806
Award Start Date: 17 MAY 93
Award Completion Date: 17 DEC 93
Proposal Title: Communicating Via the Microwave Auditory Effect
Principal Investigator Name:Brian Kohn
Principal Investigator Phone:505-884-2300
Firm SCIENCE & ENGINEERING ASSOC., INC.
SEA Plaza 
6100 Uptown Blvd NE
SUITE 700
Albuquerque, NM 87110
Woman Owned:  N
Minority Owned:  N
Number of Employees:  95

Keywords:
MICROWAVE HEARING RF HEARING
BONE CONDUCTION THERMOELASTIC
COCHLEAR MICROPHONICS

Abstract:  

In this research program, we plan to investigate a revolutionary new
form of communication based on the microwave auditory effect. This
proposed communication idea satisfies the requirements for an
innovative, natural interface requiring no learning or training for
efficient operation and effective communications. The purpose of the
program proposed here is to extend the results of a recent
feasibility study, performed for the Armstrong Laboratory/OEDR. The
study found that voice communications, via the microwave auditory
effect, are highly feasible. In Phase I of this SBIR, we propose to
investigate the range of potential applications for this radically
different form of voice communication and recommend hardware and
systems concepts suitable for laboratory and brassboard
demonstrations to be built under Phase II.

Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX PM5 - BIOLOGICAL AMPLIFICATION

Electromagnetic Interaction With Biological Systems
edited by Dr. James C. Lin, University of Illinois
1989 Plenum Press, New York

Proceedings of the Joint Symposium on Interactions of 
Electromagnetic Waves with Biological Systems, held as part
of the Twenty-Second General Assembly of the International 
Union of Radio Science, Aug 25 - Sept 2, 1987, in Tel Aviv,
Israel.

ISBN 0-306-43109-2
QP82.2.N64E44 1989
612.01448-dc19 88-38957
CIP

Eleanor White's comments on this posting:

This book focusses on NON-ionizing radiation, and contains 
detailed texts about NON-THERMAL effects.  In other words, 
"right up our alley".

The main use of this book is to show that it is easy for
electromagnetic signals to cause radio frequency hearing and other
effects at LOW power levels.  This in turn can be used to explain why
DETECTION is so very difficult.

I don't understand the biological jargon, however, a few of the more
plain-language paragraphs STUNNINGLY verify that with careful choice
of signal frequency and modulation, not only can the body's cells
detect the modulation envelope of an incoming radio signal (i.e.
function as a "cellular crystal set") but even AMPLIFY these
carefully formed signals.  (Amplification of other effects, such as
proneness to disease, is also covered in the book.)

"Detection", in terms of radio signal reception, means that some
portion of the reciever "rectifies", that is, turns the AC of the 
incoming signal into varying DC.  If this conversion is not done, 
voice to skull wouldn't work.

The book touches also on ways in which cells communicate, and 
shows that electromagnetic fields of relatively weak power levels 
can affect intercellular communication, which is, as I understand 
the subject, what the brain is "all about".

Bio-amplification is apparently why radio signals of very low average
power ("MICROwatts" per NASA) can still produce audio effects,
and no doubt plays a part in difficulties in detection.

When two more characteristics of voice to skull are factored in:

1. The carrier signal can be "hopped" continuously within the 
   bioeffective bandwidth, known as "spread spectrum" transmission, 
   and,

2. The voice modulation most effective for undetectable hypnosis 
   is evidently a voice shifted just above normal hearing, but still 
   audible to the brain,

...you have a recipe for incredibly difficult signals to detect.

This book is a mainstream publication, very well suited to use 
in our publicity and persuasion campaigns, and our dealings with 
authorities who claim radio signals don't affect living tissue 
except to heat it.

Finally, many thanks to Blanche Chavoustie for providing me
photocopies of this book - a saintly work!
.............................................................
Page 110:
...
At that time [1953] excitatory mechanisms in nerver fibers
and nerve cells were grouped under a common rubric of ionic
equilibrium mechanisms.  There was little interest in the
possibility that functional organization of mebranes of cell
bodies might involve threshhold sensitivities to both
oscillating EM fields and to molecular stimuli at energy
levels substantially lower than predicted by Hodgkin-
Huxley models, and substantially below typical threshholds
in nerve fibers.

Much recent research cited below has shown that imposed weak
low frequency fields (and radiofrequency fields amplitude-
modulated at ELF frequencies) that are many orders of 
magnitude weaker in the pericellular fluid [fluid between
adjacent cells] than the membrane potential gradient [voltage
across the membrane] can modulate actions of hormone, anti-
body neurotransmitter and cancer-promoter molecules at their
cell surface receptor sites.

From their electrical characteristics, these sensitivities
appear to involve nonequilibrium and highly cooperative
processes that mediate a major amplification of initial
weak triggers associated with binding of these molecules at
their specific cell surface receptor sites.

(Adey, 1983, 1986, 1987; Adey and Lawrence, 1984; Lawrence
and Adey, 1982).

Page 122:

Cooperative Modification of Calcium Binding by RF Fields
at Cell Surfaces with Amplification of Initial Signals

Initial stimuli associated with weak perpindicular EM fields
and with binding of stimulating molecules at their membrane
receptor sites elicit a HIGHLY COOPERATIVE modification of
Ca++ binding to glycoproteins along the membrane surface.

As noted above, a longitudinal spread is consistent with 
the direction of extracellular current flow associated with
physiological activity and imposed EM fields.  This cooper-
ative modification of surface Ca++ binding is an
AMPLIFYING STAGE, with evidence from concurent initial molecular 
binding events by imposed RF fields that there is a far greater
increase in Ca++ efflux than is accounted for in the events of
receptor-ligand binding (Bawin and Adey, 1976; Bawin et al, 
1975; Liu-Liu and Adey, 1982).

Page 124:
...
Enzymes are protein molecules that function as catalysts, 
initiating and enhancing chemical reactions that would not
otherwise occur at tissue temperatures.  This ability resides
in the pattern of electrical charges on the molecular surface.
In the fashion of more familiar chemical catalysts, such as
the hydrocarbon oxidation systems which function only at very
high temperatures in automotive exhaust systems, a catalyst
emerges unchanged from these reactions and is thus able to
participate indefinitely in a specific reaction.

Activation of these enzymes and the reactions in which they
participate involve energies millions of times greater than
in the cell surface cell surface triggering events initiated
by the EM fields, emphasizing the MEMBRANE AMPLIFICATION
inherent in this trans-membrane signaling sequence.

Page 131:
...
Stimulus Amplification in Cooperative Systems
...
It is therefore clear that OBSERVED EM field interactions
with cells and tissues based on oscillating ELF tissue gradients
between 10 E-7 and 10 E-1 volts per centimeter would involve
cooperativity MANY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE GREATER than envisaged in
the examples just cited.

In part this discrepancy appears to relate to far greater
sensitivities to low-frequency EM fields [EW: ELF, that is, the
"entrainment" frequencies] and to RF fields with low-frequency
amplitude-modulation [EW: this includes radar hearing signals]
than to imposed step functions or DC gradients [EW: common
with contact electrodes, not of interest in mind control at a
distance] used in many electrochemical experiments and models
to test levels of cooperativity in biological systems.
(Blank, 1972)

[EW: In plain language, both entrainment (ELF) fields and
pulsating radar-like (RF) fields are a hell of a lot more
influential on cells than some experimental work using DC
and electrode methods.]

Page 95:

[EW: This section is not part of the demonstration that EM
signals can be biologically amplified, as above.  It's main
interest is that a magnetophosphene "gun" was under consider-
ation by the U.S. National Institute of Justice in 1993, along
with a "fever" gun and a "convulsion" gun, both using micro-
wave technology.  As of 1999, nothing has been heard from NIJ
on this development, however, page 95 here suggests that such
a microwave weapon is feasible.]

Magnetophosphenes

An effect of time-varying magnetic fields on humans was first
described by d'Arsonval (1896) [EW: Anyone doubt there has
been some progress since 1896?] is the induction of a flicker-
ing illumination within the visual field field known as
magnetophosphenes.  This phenomenon occurs as an immediate
response to stimulation by either pulsed or sinusoidal magnetic
fields with frequencies less than 100 Hz, and the effect is
completely reversible with no apparent influence on visual
acuity.  The maximum visual sensitivity to sinusoidal magnetic
fields has been found at a frequency of 20 Hz in human subjects
with normal vision.

[EW: Radio signals are a combination of electric and magnetic
fields.  To radiate a 20 Hz signal would require such huge
antennas that it is impractical to do so.  I'd recommend that
if someone has the facilities and skills, I'd try some VHF (or
microwave) pulsing at 20 Hz on an RF carrier at, say, the 2-meter
(144-148 MHz) ham band with a duty cycle, say, of 20% pulse-ON 
time.]

Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX PM6 - VOICE TO SKULL, 1974 SUCCESS

Microwaves and Behavior
Dr. Don R. Justesen
Laboratories of Experimental Neuropsychology
Veterans Administration Hospital
Kansas City, Missouri
as published in
American Psychologist
Journal of the American Psychological Association
Volume 30, March 1975, Number 3

................ Eleanor's comments .........................
This LAYS TO REST ANY DOUBTS THAT VOICE TO SKULL 
TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT EXIST OR IS "IN THE FUTURE"!  
PERIOD!

This article describes in precise terms how Dr. Joseph C.
Sharp and staff transmitted the WORDS for the digits 1 to 10
using a modulated version of an Allan Frey type pulsed
microwave transmitter.  A detailed description of Frey
transmitters can be viewed at:

Appendix PM2

The relevant text is below.
.............................................................
Page 396:

...

The demonstration of sonic transduction of microwave energy
by materials lacking in water LESSENS the likelihood that a
thermohydraulic principle is operating in human perception 
of the energy.  Nonetheless, some form of thermoacoustic
transduction probably underlies perception.  If so, it is 
clear that simple heating is NOT a sufficient basis for the
Frey effect; the requirement for pulsing of radiations 
appears to implicate a thermodynamic principle.

Frey and Messenger (1973) and Guy, Chou, Lin, and Christen-
sen (1975) confirmed that a microwave pulse with a slow rise
time is INeffective in producing an auditory response; only
if the rise time is SHORT, resulting in effect in a square
wave with respect to the leading edge of the envelope of
radiated radio-frequency energy, does the auditory response
occur.

[Eleanor's comment:  This is why we don't "hear" ordinary 
radio and TV signals.]

Thus the rate of change (the first derivative) of the 
waveform of the pulse is a CRITICAL factor in perception.
Given a thermodynamic interpretation, it would follow that
information can be encoded in the energy and "communicated"
to the "listener".

Communication has in fact been demonstrated.  A. Guy (Note
1), a skilled telegrapher, arranged for his father, a retired
railroad telegrapher, to operate a key, each closure and 
opening of which resulted in a pulse of microwave energy.
By directing the radiations at his own head, complex mess-
ages via the Continental Morse Code were readily received
by Guy.

Sharp and Grove (note 2) found that appropriate modu-
lation of microwave energy can result in "wireless" and
"receiverless" communication of SPEECH.  The recorded by
voice on tape each of the single-syllable words for digits
between 1 and 10.  The electrical sine-wave analogs of each
word were then processed so that each time a sine wave
crossed ZERO REFERENCE IN THE NEGATIVE DIRECTION, a brief
pulse of microwave energy was triggered.

[Eleanor's comment:  This is, in effect a form of what is 
called pulse-RATE modulation.]

By radiating themselves with these "voice modulated" 
microwaves, Sharp and Grove were READILY able to hear,
identify, and distinguish among the 9 words.  [Typo?]
The sounds heard were not unlike those emitted by persons
with artificial larynxes.

Communication of more complex words and of sentences was
not attempted because the averaged densities of energy
required to transmit longer messages would approach the
current 10 milliwatts per square centimeter limit of safe
exposure.

The capability of communicating directly with a human being
by "receiverless radio" has obvious potentialities both 
within and without the clinic.  But the hotly debated and
unresolved question of how much microwave radiation a human
being can safely be exposed to will probably forestall
applications within the near future.

...

Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX PM7 - U.S. GOVT DOCUMENT RE: RUSSIAN MIND CONTROL

A Warning to the World from Russian Psychotronic Researchers

Unclassified FOIA document, courtesy Cheryl Welsh, which is a bulletin
circulated among U.S. government agencies reviewing an October 6, 1995 
Russian TV news segment titled "Man and Law" on the topic of mind 
control technology.  The images below complement another video produced 
by German ZDF TV and shown on December 22, 1998.  The 1998 video's
transcribed sound track, in English is posted at:

http://www.raven1.net/russvid.htm

Here are the images of the FOIA document:










Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX PM8 - OAK RIDGE LABS AND OTHER BULLETINS

THE FOLLOWING SET OF ARTICLES HIGHLIGHTS OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABS'
RESEARCH INTO RADIO FREQUENCY WEAPONS.  I HAVE PHONED THEM AND THE
1993 NEWS RELEASE BELOW IS GENUINE.  E.W.

......................................................................
Date sent:        Fri, 10 May 1996 17:52:55 -0700 (PDT)
To:               MindNet@c2.org
From:             vericomm@c2.org
Subject:          MindNet Journal - Vol. 1, No. 73
 
    V E R I C O M M / MindNet         "Quid veritas est?"

Sender: Owner-MindNet@c2.org

The views and opinions expressed below are not necessarily the
views and opinions of VERICOMM, MindNet, or the editors unless
otherwise noted.

Permission is given to reproduce and redistribute, for
non-commercial purposes only, provided this information and the
copy remain intact and unedited.

Editor: Mike Coyle 

Assistant Editor: Rick Lawler

Research: Darrell Bross

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES APPLICABLE TO DEVELOPMENT OF
LESS-THAN-LETHAL WEAPONS

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Physiological Responses Applicable to Development of
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons

Sponsored by National Institute of Justice

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Less-than-lethal weapons have a variety of applications in law
enforcement, including rescuing hostages, stopping fleeing
felons, and quelling prison disturbances. The National Institute
of Justice is sponsoring a broad program to develop new
techniques for "friendly force" as an alternative to the use of
deadly force. As part of this program, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) is examining approaches based on known
physiological responses to certain types of stimuli. These
"weapons" would temporarily incapacitate an individual or a
group with no lasting physiological damage. These concepts are
based on ORNL's experience and expertise in biological-based
systems and biophysical responses, particularly in evaluating
the physical responses of humans to a variety of chemical,
physical and radiological agents. ORNL also has extensive
experience and expertise in risk analysis and in risk assessment
and modeling.

The ORNL less than-lethal weapons project sponsored by the
National Institute of Justice began in September 1993. The
following tasks are being performed:

*   Locate and compile data from tests, accidents, medical
    literature, etc. on biological and biophysical responses
    to energetic stimuli (such as electromagnetic fields). 
*   Analyze the information and identify promising candidate
    mechanisms for further development for a friendly force
*   Evaluate the applicability of the proposed approaches to
    several realistic scenarios (such as hostage rescue or riot
    control).

ORNL has already examined several possible concepts for
less-than-lethal weapons based on known physiological responses
to energetic stimuli, including a thermal gun, a seizure gun,
and a magnetophosphene gun. A thermal gun would have the
operational effect of heating the body to 105 to 107F, thereby
incapacitating any threat, based on the fact that even a slight
fever can affect the ability of a person to perform even simple
tasks. This approach is built on four decades of research
relating radio frequency exposure to body heating. A seizure gun
would use electromagnetic energy to induce epileptic-like
seizures in persons within the range of a particular
electromagnetic field. The magnetophosphene gun is designed
around a biophysical mechanism which evokes a visual response
and is thought to be centered in the retina, known as
magnetophosphenes. This effect is experienced when a person
receives a blow to the head and sees "stars". This same effect
can be produced with electromagnetic energy. While there are a
number of technical challenges to be overcome in building
devices of these types, less-than-lethal weapons based on
physiological responses to energetic stimuli would provide a
safe and effective means of dealing with a number of law
enforcement situations where use of deadly force is not
desirable.

For further information contact:

Ray Downs, National Institute of Justice (202) 616-3509 Susan
Sherrow, Oak Ridge Special Projects Office (615) 576-8024

Oak Ridge National Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy
Laboratory Managed by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.

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......................................................................
Los Angeles Herald Examiner, Section A, November 22, 1976

Mind-Altering Microwaves:  Soviets Studying Invisible Ray

A newly declassified U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report 
says extensive Soviet research into microwaves might lead to
methods of causing disoriented human behavior, nerve disorders,
and even heart attacks.

...

A copy of the study was provided by the agency to the Associated
Press in response to a request under the Freedom of Information
Act.

...

Sounds and possibly even words which appear to be originating
intercranially (within the head) can be induced by signal
modulation at very low average power densities, the study said.

...

One physiological effect which has been demonstrated is heart
seizure, the report said.

It said this has been accomplished experimentally in frogs
by synchronizing the pulses of a microwave signal with the
animal's heartbeat and beaming the radiation at the chest
area.

......................................................................
Microwave News, January-February 1987

ZAP!

Six hundred scientists and engineers with security clearances
spend the first week of December at Kirtland Air Force Base in
New Mexico examining the potential of high-power microwaves to
zap enemy electronics...

... Many branches of the Department of Defense were represented,
including the Air Force, the Army and the Navy, together with
DARPA, DIA, and DNA.  The Lawrence Livermore Labs were also 
well represented, as were most of the big defense contractors -
General Dynamics, Physics International and TRW each have a 
high-power microwave testing facility.

In addition to these sources, susceptibility and hardening, 
there was one on biological effects:  Dr. David Erwin and 
Major Robert Downs represented the Air Force and Howard Bassen
and Dr. John D'Andrea described the Army and Navy programs,
respectively.  Dr. Frank Barnes of the University of Colorado
in Boulder presented a poster paper on his and Dr. Howard
Wachtel's research on the effects of pulsed microwaves.

Chuck de Caro, a former correspondent for the Cable News Network,
considers the possibility that the U.S. is falling behind the
U.S.S.R. in microwave weapons in "The Zap Gap", to be published
in the March issue of "The Atlantic" (see also MWN November-
December 1986).

......................................................................
Microwave News, January-February 1996

RF WEAPONS - Disabling People and Electronics

The military continues to explore development of RF weapons
for the conflicts of the future.  For instance, the "First
Directed Energy Warfare (DEW) Conference", held last year
at the Mitre Corp. in McLean VA, featured Dr. David Erwin 
of the Armstrong Lab at Brooks AFB, San Antonio, TX, on
"Directed Energy Warfare RF Effects", and D.r Jose Pina of
the CIA on "Ground Combat Applications of RF".  Other topics
included "Personnel Vulnerability" and Directed Energy 
Warfare Biological Effects".

The June meeting was organized by the Association of Old
Crows, whose members are specialists in electronic warfare.
Conference participants had to have security clearances of
"Secret" or higher, as has been the case at similar meetings
in the past (See MWN, J-F 87 and N-D 93).

Public discussions of RF/MW weapons have focussed on dis-
rupting technology.  But a recent Article in the Airpower
Journal revealed "for the first time that the military is
developing high-powered microwave weapons for use against
human beings", reports Peter Cassidy in the January 1996
"Progressive" (see p. 14).

RF/MW and EMF-based weapons are also being studied for
civilian law enforcement.  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL) in Oak Ridge TN will soon complete a literature
review for the National Insitute of Justice on the 
feasibility of "thermal guns" which could heat the body to
105 to 107 degrees F and incapacitate the target; "seizure
guns" which would use EM energy to induce epileptic-like
seizures; and "magnetophosphene guns" which would cause
the target to "see stars".

The institute's Ray Downs in Washington cautioned that the
report may not be made public.  ORNL's Dr. Clay Easterly
has said that some effects not associated with heating
could be useful in developing nonlethal weapons.
(See MWN, N-D 93.)

......................................................................
Microwave News, September-October 1996, page 19

Stop That Car or We'll Zap You

They're the sexiest gadgets in this year's action movies:
EMP weapons, which use electromagnetic pulses to zap
electronics.  They have starring roles in Goldeneye, the
latest James Bond movie, as well as in Broken Arrow, Escape
From LA, and Eraser.  And soon they may be coming to a 
police car near you.

Law Enforcement News (September 30) reports that the U.S.
Army and the National Institute of Justice are running a
$500,000 field test to see if EMP guns can force a car to
stop by disabling its electrical systems.  The plan is to
use EMP to do away with high speed chases (another Hollywood
staple).  This is another example of the growing interest in
using nonlethal weapons developed by the military.

...

Up to Contents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX US1 - SILENT SOUND

Eleanor White's comments:

This article shows clearly the military's intent to use
every possible thought-influencing technology.  This technology 
is largely classified but there are leaks, like this article.  
We involuntary test subjects can tell you from first hand 
experience that far more invasive devices now exist.

This article represents one of the two parallel "tracks" on 
which thought-influencing technology is being used and 
further developed:

- Radio frequency signals, based on the WW II
  phenomenon called "radar hearing"

- Ultrasound signals, which can be transmitted
  through the air or piggybacked on to radio/TV
  signals

......................................................................
NEXUS
Volume 5, Issue 6
October/November 1998
$25/6 issues/ 1 year
1998 Nexus New Times
888-909-7474
nexus@peg.apc.org
--------------------------
EXCERPT: More in magazine. 
--------------------------

Military Use of Mind Control Weapons
Judy Wall 1998

PSY-OPS WEAPONRY USED IN THE PERSIAN GULF WAR

For years, rumours have persisted that the United States Department
of Defense has been engaged in research and development of
ultra-sophisticated mind- altering technology. Confirmation of this
came to me recently in the form of two ITV News Bureau Ltd (London)
wire service bulletins.[1]

The March 23, 1991 newsbrief, "High-Tech Psychological Warfare
Arrives in the Middle East", describes a US Psychological
Operations (PsyOps) tactic directed against Iraqi troops in Kuwait
during Operation Desert Storm. The manoeuvre consisted of a system
in which subliminal mind-altering technology was carried on
standard radiofrequency broadcasts. The March 26, 1991 newsbrief
states that among the standard military planning groups in the
centre of US war planning operations at Riyadh was "an unbelievable
and highly classified PsyOps program utilising 'silent sound'
techniques".

The opportunity to use this method occurred when Saddam Hussein's
military command-and-control system was destroyed. The Iraqi troops
were then forced to use commercial FM radio stations to carry
encoded commands, which were broadcast on the 100 MHz frequency.
The US PsyOps team set up its own portable FM transmitter,
utilising the same frequency, in the deserted city of Al Khafji.
This US transmitter overpowered the local Iraqi station. Along with
patriotic and religious music, PsyOps transmitted "vague, confusing
and contradictory military orders and information".

Subliminally, a much more powerful technology was at work: a
sophisticated electronic system to 'speak' directly to the mind of
the listener, to alter and entrain his brainwaves, to manipulate
his brain's electroencephalograph ic (EEG) patterns and
artificially implant negative emotional states-feelings of fear,
anxiety, despair and hopelessness. This subliminal system doesn't
just tell a person to feel an emotion, it makes them feel it; it
implants that emotion in their minds.[2]

I noticed that the ITV wire service was from outside the United
States.  Readers of Resonance may recall that in the
Electromagnetic Weapons Timeline in issue no. 29, reference is made
to the documentary video, Waco: The Big Lie Continues, which
contained video footage of three EM weapons. This segment of the
film was from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). I
wondered if there was any significance to this.

At the library I pulled up back issues of my local newspaper for
the same time-period of the Gulf War to see what the American wire
services had said, if anything, about the use of this special
PsyOps weapon. There was nothing said about it directly, but three
news articles seemed related. In a news release from Associated
Press during the same timeframe of the Gulf War truce, I read:

"The American pilot who shot down the second Iraqi warplane in 48
hours said Friday that continued Iraqi flights suggested that US
warnings were not filtering down to Iraqi pilots… He said he hopes
Saddam gets the message now.  'It's really too bad that these
people have to die for their unwillingness to heed our warnings...
What I really think is, they don't communicate down to the people,'
he said. 'If they have a communications problem, I suggest they fix
it.'"[3]

That may have been coincidence but two earlier news articles, dated
March 1, 1991, apparently have a common origin with the ITV news
bulletin. The first article[4] tells us that approximately 100
members of the US 101st Airborne Division, fluent in Arabic, talked
the enemy into surrendering. These soldiers rode in the Apache
helicopter gunships that were involved in the longest
helicopter-borne assault in history. They told the Iraqi troops
that they would be slaughtered if they didn't give up.

"They got the point," one soldier is quoted as saying.

This all sounds very unremarkable, except when you read the
editor's note: "The following dispatch was subject to US military
censorship." Now why would they want to censor such a mundane
tactic, except out of embarrassment that the US Army fighting
forces had fallen to the level of a cheer-leading squad?
... in which case they would have nixed the thing entirely.

But upon re-reading the article, we may pick out certain key
phrases (emphasised in italics):

"He [the soldier interviewed] was one of dozens of Arabic speakers
that played a key role in the allied ground attack against Iraq,
and part of an attempt by the US Army to use finesse, intelligence
work and tactics to complement brute strength."

If we fill in the missing blanks with such descriptions as "the
megaphone was used to direct psychoacoustic frequencies that
engaged the neural networks of the enemy's brain, causing him to
think any thought and feel any emotion that the Americans chose to
lay on him", then it starts to make sense. And it would no longer
seem so surprising that one soldier could talk 450 enemy soldiers
into surrendering. The possibilities are there, and, as the next
article[5] documents, that is exactly what happened. Iraqi troops
gave up en masse.

We quote: "They were surrendering in droves, almost too fast for us
to keep up with..."; "...two Iraqi majors, both brigade commanders,
who gave up their entire units..."; and "...one of them gave up to
an RPV [remotely piloted vehicle). Here's this guy with his hands
up, turning in a circle to give himself up to a model airplane with
a camera in it."

Irrational? Not if there was also a voice being beamed into his
head from that little flying toy, saying, "Give up, give up!"
Otherwise, how do we account for the editor's note at the beginning
of the article: "The following is based on pool dispatches that
were subject to military censorship." Without that note, we could
smugly think that the Iraqi soldiers were cowards or crazy, but why
censor that idea?

MIND CONTROL WITH SILENT SOUNDS

The mind-altering mechanism is based on a subliminal carrier
technology: the Silent Sound Spread Spectrum (SSSS), sometimes
called "S-quad" or "Squad". It was developed by Dr Oliver Lowery of
Norcross, Georgia, and is described in US Patent #5,159,703,
"Silent Subliminal Presentation System", dated October 27, 1992.
The abstract for the patent reads:

"A silent communications system in which nonaural carriers, in the
very low or very high audio-frequency range or in the adjacent
ultrasonic frequency spectrum are amplitude- or frequency-modulated
with the desired intelligence and propagated acoustically or
vibrationally, for inducement into the brain, typically through the
use of loudspeakers, earphones, or piezoelectric transducers. The
modulated carriers may be transmitted directly in real time or may
be conveniently recorded and stored on mechanical, magnetic, or
optical media for delayed or repeated transmission to the
listener."

According to literature by Silent Sounds, Inc., it is now possible,
using supercomputers, to analyse human emotional EEG patterns and
replicate them, then store these "emotion signature clusters" on
another computer and, at will, "silently induce and change the
emotional state in a human being".

Silent Sounds, Inc. states that it is interested only in positive
emotions, but the military is not so limited. That this is a US
Department of Defense project is obvious.

Edward Tilton, President of Silent Sounds, Inc., says this about
S-quad in a letter dated December 13, 1996:

"All schematics, however, have been classified by the US Government
and we are not allowed to reveal the exact details... ... we make
tapes and CDs for the German Government, even the former Soviet
Union countries! All with the permission of the US State
Department, of course... The system was used throughout Operation
Desert Storm (Iraq) quite successfully."

The graphic illustration, "Induced Alpha to Theta Biofeedback
Cluster Movement", which accompanies the literature, is labelled
#AB 116-394-95 UNCLASSIFIED" and is an output from "the world's
most versatile and most sensitive electroencephalograph (EEG)
machine". It has a gain capability of 200,000, as compared to other
EEG machines in use which have gain capability of approximately
50,000. It is software-driven by the "fastest of computers" using a
noisenulling technology similar to that used by nuclear submarines
for detecting small objects underwater at extreme range.[6]

The purpose of all this high technology is to plot and display a
moving cluster of periodic brainwave signals. The illustration
shows an EEG display from a single individual, taken of left and
right hemispheres simultaneously.  Ile readout from the two sides
of the brain appear to be quite different, but in fact are the same
(discounting normal leftright brain variations).

CLONING THE EMOTIONS

By using these computer-enhanced EEGs, scientists can identify and
isolate the brain's low-amplitude "emotion signature clusters",
synthesise them and store them on another computer. In other words,
by studying the subtle characteristic brainwave patterns that occur
when a subject experiences a particular emotion, scientists have
been able to identify the concomitant brainwave pattern and can now
duplicate it. "These clusters are then placed on the Silent
Sound[TM] carrier frequencies and will silently trigger the
occurrence of the same basic emotion in another human being!"

Up to Contents

SYSTEM DELIVERY AND APPLICATIONS

There is a lot more involved here than a simple subliminal sound
system. There are numerous patented technologies which can be
piggybacked individually or collectively onto a carrier frequency
to elicit all kinds of effects.

There appear to be two methods of delivery with the system. One is
direct microwave induction into the brain of the subject, limited
to short-range operations. The other, as described above, utilises
ordinary radio and television carrier frequencies.

Far from necessarily being used as a weapon against a person, the
system does have limitless positive applications. However, the fact
that the sounds are subliminal makes them virtually undetectable
and possibly dangerous to the general public.

In more conventional use, the Silent Sounds Subliminal System might
utilise voice commands, e.g., as an adjunct to security systems.
Beneath the musical broadcast that you hear in stores and shopping
malls may be a hidden message which exhorts against shoplifting.
And while voice commands alone are powerful, when the subliminal
presentation system carries cloned emotional signatures, the result
is overwhelming.

Free-market uses for this technology are the common self-help
tapes; positive affirmation, relaxation and meditation tapes; as
well as methods to increase learning capabilities.

In a medical context, these systems can be used to great advantage
to treat psychiatric and psychosomatic problems. As a system for
remediating the profoundly deaf, it is unequalled. (Promises,
promises. This is the most common positive use touted for this
technology over the past 30 years. But the deaf are still deaf, and
the military now has a weapon to use on unsuspecting people with
perfectly normal hearing.)

OFFICIAL DENIALS

In fact, the US Government has denied or refused to comment on
mindaltering weapons for years. Only last year, US News & World
Report ran an article titled "Wonder Weapons", basically a review of
the new so-called 'non-lethal' or 'less-than -lethal' weapons.' Not
one word about S-quad, although the technology had been used six
years earlier!

Excerpts from the article read:

"Says Charles Bernard, a former Navy weapons-research director: 'I
have yet to see one of these ray-gun things that actually works…";
and

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) has come to us
every few years to see if there are ways to incapacitate the
central nervous system remotely,' Dr F. Terry Hambrecht, head of
the Neural Prostheses Program at NIH, told US News, 'but nothing
has ever come of it,' he said. 'That is too science-fiction and
far-fetched."'

It may sound "science fiction and far-fetched" but it is not.
However, that is just what the powers-that-be want you to believe,
so as to leave them alone in their relentless pursuit of...what?

The idea behind non-lethal weapons is to incapacitate the enemy
without actually killing them, or, in the case of riot control or
hostage situations, to disable the participants without permanent
injury, preferably without their knowing it. The electromagnetic
mind-altering technologies would all fall into this class of
weapons, but since they are all officially non-existent, who is to
decide when and where they will be used?

And why should selected companies in the entertainment industry
reportedly be allowed access to this technology when the very fact
of its existence is denied to the general public?

As recently as last month [February], this stonewall approach of
total denial or silence on the subject still held fast, even toward
committees of the US Congress!

- The Joint Economics Committee, chaired by Jim Saxton (R-NJ),
convened on February 25, 1998 for the "Hearing on Radio Frequency
Weapons and Proliferation: Potential Impact on the Economy".
Invited testimony included statements by several authorities from
the military:

- Dr Alan Kehs, of the US Army Laboratories, discussed the overall
RF threat.

- Mr James O'Bryon, Deputy Director of Operational Testing and
Director of live fire testing for the Office of Secretary of
Defense at the Pentagon, discussed the role of Live Fire Testing
and how it plays a role in testing military equipment with RF
weapons.

- Mr David Schriner, Principal Engineer of Directed Energy Studies
with Electronic Warfare Associates and recently retired as an
engineer with a naval weapons testing facility, talked about the
difficulty in building an RF weapon and about the terrorist threat.

- Dr Ira Merritt, Chief of Concepts Identification and Applications
Analysis Division, Advanced Technology Directorate, Missile Defense
and Space Technology Center, Huntsville, Alabama, discussed the
proliferation of RF weapons primarily from the former Soviet Union.

Although these statements gave information of technical interest,
they are perhaps more important for the information they did not
give: information on the existence of radiofrequency weapons that
directly affect the human brain and nervous system.

KGB PSYCHOTRONICS

This technology did not spring up overnight. It has a long history
of development and denials of development-by the US Government and
probably half of the other governments of the world as well.

We know that the former Soviet Union was actively engaged in this
type of research. In a previous article we reported that during the
1970s the Soviet KGB developed a Psychotronic Influence System
(PIS) that was used to turn soldiers into programmable 'human
weapons'. The system employed a combination of highfrequency
radiowaves and hypnosis. The PIS project was begun in response to a
similar training scheme launched in the US by President Carter,
according to Yuri Malin, former security adviser to USSR President
Gorbachev.[8]

In my Electromagnetic Weapons Timeline[9] I covered a period of 60
years of interest and development in EM weapons—information
gathered from the many articles and news clippings sent in by
readers of Resonance. In my article on synthetic telepathy[10] I
traced the development of the 'voice in your head' technology
dating back to 1961, all my references coming from the open
scientific literature.

POWER OF THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

Jan Wiesemann has written an apt description of the situation which
now exists in the United States, about the 'forces that be' and how
the situation came about:

"During the Cold War the United States not only engaged in a
relatively open nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, but also
engaged in a secret race developing unconventional weapons. As the
intelligence agencies (which prior to the Second World War had
merely played a supporting role within the government) continued to
increase their power, so did the funds spent on developing
techniques designed to outsmart each other.

"And as the US intelligence community began to grow, a secret
culture sprang about which enabled the intelligence players to
implement the various developed techniques to cleverly circumvent
the democratic processes and institutions...

"Like many other democracies, the US Government is made up of two
basic parts the elected constituency, i.e., the various governors,
judges, congressmen and the President; and the unelected
bureaucracies, as represented by the numerous federal agencies.

"In a well-balanced and correctly functioning democracy, the
elected part of the government is in charge of its unelected
bureaucratic part, giving the people a real voice in the agenda set
by their government.

"While a significant part of the US Government no doubt follows
this democratic principle, a considerable portion of the US
Government operates in complete secrecy and follows its own
unaccountable agenda which, unacknowledged, very often is quite
different from the public agenda. "[11]

Jan goes on to quote one of the United States' most popular war
heroes: Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as Supreme Commander of
Allied Forces during World War II and was later elected 34th
President of the United States. In his farewell address to the
nation in 1961, President Eisenhower said:

"...we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry
of vast proportions. Added to this, three and a half million men
and women are directly engaged in the defence establishment. We
annually spend on military security more than the net income of all
United States corporations.

"This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large
arms industry is new in the American experience. The total
influence-economic, political, even spiritual-is felt in every
city, every state house, every office of the federal government. We
recognise the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not
fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and
livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our
society.

"In the councils of government, we must guard against the
acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought,
by the military -industrial complex. The potential for the
disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must
never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or
our democratic processes."

INTERNATIONAL CONCERNS O